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The fascia boards are perpendicular to the roof. The soffit is perforated so that air can flow into the attic and up through the ridge vents to ventilate the attic. In this shot, part of the soffit is in place, while part is awaiting installation. Note that all exposed fascia wood is capped with a sheet of painted aluminum that was bent into shape on the site: At this point, the house is "dried in," meaning that it is completely protected from rain. Now interior work can begin. Let's say you want to put a toilet in a house. Two-hundred or 300 years ago this was not an option -- everyone used outhouses. If you visit the governor's mansion in Williamsburg, VA, you will see that in the 1700s even England's high colonial governor used a pair of three-holer outhouses located at the back of the formal garden. Eventually, public water supplies and pressurized well systems allowed people to have indoor plumbing, and this allowed for the addition of indoor toilets. A toilet has to flush somewhere, so sewer systems evolved. Why can't you run the sewer line from a toilet or a sink out of the side of the house so it spills on the ground? That certainly would be easy and inexpensive, but people learned fairly quickly that human waste spilled on the ground smells bad and leads to incredible disease problems. Septic tanks and sewer systems take care of this. The uniform plumbing code lists hundreds of rules for septic-tank installation. These rules ensure that tanks work properly over many years. Once you have a septic tank in place, you can add sewer lines from the sink or toilet to the septic tank. Say you tried this approach: The problem with this approach is that as the septic tank fills up with stuff, it produces a rather malodorous cloud of fumes. These fumes float from the septic tank up the sewer line to the sink and into the bathroom. Therefore, plumbing codes require a "P-trap" at every drain opening, as shown here: You may have wondered why you find these funny loops of pipe under every sink in your house. The idea is that water gets trapped in the "P." This water blocks the fumes from the septic tank and keeps them from entering the bathroom. Unfortunately, a P-trap alone does not solve the problem because it turns out that the fumes in a septic tank are under pressure. The fumes simply bubble through the water in the trap and cause the same problem. Suitable tube wall 3.25mm plus. SWIVEL COUPLER Single unit design, easily replaceable bolts, principally used for bracing and allowing tubes to be connected at any angle. WRAPOVER PUTLOG COUPLER Single unit design, used for connecting putlogs or transoms to ledger tubes, also extensively for securing guard rails to standards. SLEEVE COUPLER A fitting designed (using specially heat treated pressed steel) for external joining of two tubes end to end. Recommended for use on ledger and bracing members. SCAFFOLDERS SWINGOVER SPANNER Specially heat treated, high carbon steel boxes (all rust proofed).BASE PLATE Used at the base of all standards for the distribution of load, drilled for spiking to sole plates. The locating spigot is a slack enough fit in the tube to allow a degree of angle on uneven ground. For use with 1 29/32" (48.3mm) tube. 6"x6"x3/16" (152x152x4.76mm).Weight: 2lbs 12ozs (1.28 kilos) LITTLE GIANT MK I DOUBLE COUPLERS One piece design, easily replaceable bolts, connects horizontal or ledger tubes to standards. LITTLE GIANT MK I SWIVEL COUPLER Single Unit design, easily replaceable bolts, principally used for bracing and allowing tubes to be connected at any angle. LITTLE GIANT MK IV DOUBLE COUPLER One piece design, connects horizontal or ledger tubes to standards. LITTLE GIANT MK IV SWIVEL COUPLER Single unit design, principally used for bracing and allowing tubes to be connected at any angle. LITTLE GIANT PUTLOG COUPLER - DOUBLE LUG Similarly used as the Mark II for connecting putlogs or transoms to ledger tubes, this design leaves the putlog/tube completely unobstructed so that the scaffold boards lay flat. FLAT BACK COUPLER Designed as Half Double Coupler with flat back for welding. LITTLE GIANT MK III DOUBLE COUPLER One piece design, easily replaceable bolts, connects horizontal or ledger tubes to standards. LITTLE GIANT MK III SWIVEL COUPLER Single unit design, easily replaceable bolts, principally used for bracing and allowing tubes to be connected at any angle. HALF SWIVEL COUPLER As its name implies, this is an unriveted half of a Swivel Coupler. DROP FORGED SPLIT JOINT PIN Designed for joining tubes end to end. It is an internal expanding type, operating against the inner walls of the tubes. PROFILED COUPLER Designed on the same style as the Half Swivel Coupler, but Body Profiled for welding onto tube.
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